{"id":10382,"date":"2024-09-11T07:32:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T23:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/app11147.cloudwayssites.com\/?p=10382"},"modified":"2025-02-18T10:18:09","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T02:18:09","slug":"grade-416","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/steelprogroup.com\/vi\/stainless-steel\/grades\/grade-416\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, X\u1eed l\u00fd, \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 Th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kho h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a SteelPRO Group c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m SS 416 (UNS S41600): t\u1ea5m, l\u00e1, cu\u1ed9n, d\u1ea3i, \u1ed1ng, \u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n, thanh, que, v.v. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: S\u1ed1 1, 2B, 2D, BA, S\u1ed1 3, S\u1ed1 4, HL, S\u1ed1 8, Phun bi, v.v. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100%. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. <\/em><\/strong>Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/em><\/strong><\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, bao g\u1ed3m h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd, v.v.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>

Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>

416 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i 400 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 martensitic<\/a> cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (85%) trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m crom, mangan v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A582 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi EN 1.4005 (X12CrS13) v\u00e0 UNS S41600. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00edt, bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c b\u01a1m, n\u01a1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416<\/h2>

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>

Cacbon, C<\/strong><\/td>Crom, Cr<\/strong><\/td>Mangan, Mn<\/strong><\/td>*Niken, Ni<\/strong><\/td>*Molipden, Mo<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u1ed1t pho, P<\/strong><\/td>Silic, Si<\/strong><\/td>L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, S<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u2264 0,15 %<\/td>13 %<\/td>\u2264 1,25 %<\/td>\u22641,0%<\/td>\u2264 0,60 %<\/td>\u2264 0,060 %<\/td>\u2264 1,0 %<\/td>\u2265 0,15 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

*Niken v\u00e0 *Molypden:<\/strong> t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung<\/p>

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416<\/h2>

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o:<\/p>

  1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng cao, gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n
  2. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n
  3. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 kh\u00ed.<\/li><\/ol>

    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h3>

    Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416:<\/p>

    T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/td>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/td>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    T\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng<\/td>7,80 g\/cm\u00b3 (0,282 lb\/in\u00b3)<\/td>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/td>1480-1530 \u00b0C (2700-2790 \u00b0F)<\/td>\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td><\/tr>
    CTE, Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (0-100\u00b0C\/32-212\u00b0F)<\/td>9,9 \u03bcm\/m\u00b7\u00b0C (5,50 \u03bcin\/in\u00b7\u00b0F)<\/td>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td><\/tr>
    Nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang (0-100\u00b0C\/32-212\u00b0F)<\/td>460 J\/kg\u00b7K (0,110 BTU\/lb\u00b7\u00b0F)<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t (\u1edf 100\u00b0C\/212\u00b0F)<\/td>24,9 W\/m\u00b7K (172 BTU\u00b7in\/h\u00b7ft\u00b2\u00b7\u00b0F)<\/td>D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>23% IACS (23% IACS)<\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t (\u1edf 20\u00b0C\/68\u00b0F)<\/td>43 \u03bc\u03a9\u00b7cm (43 \u03bc\u03a9\u00b7cm)<\/td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h3>

    Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416:<\/p>

    Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o (MPa\/ksi)<\/strong><\/td>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y (MPa\/ksi)<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Brinell (HRB)<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell (HRC)<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers (HV)<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i khi \u0111\u1ee9t (%)<\/strong><\/td>M\u00f4 \u0111un Young (GPa\/msi)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    150<\/td>1310\/190<\/td>983\/143<\/td>365<\/td>39.5<\/td>383<\/td>9<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    260<\/td>1295\/187.8<\/td>962\/140<\/td>360<\/td>39<\/td>378<\/td>9.5<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    370<\/td>1260\/183<\/td>962\/140<\/td>360<\/td>39<\/td>378<\/td>14<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    480<\/td>1185\/171.9<\/td>962\/140<\/td>360<\/td>39<\/td>378<\/td>16<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    540<\/td>1080\/157<\/td>895\/130<\/td>318<\/td>34<\/td>332<\/td>13<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    595<\/td>865\/125<\/td>740\/107<\/td>266<\/td>26<\/td>275<\/td>17<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    650<\/td>796\/115<\/td>670\/97.2<\/td>253<\/td>23.5<\/td>260<\/td>17.5<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr>
    705<\/td>741\/107<\/td>600\/87<\/td>237<\/td>20<\/td>242<\/td>20<\/td>200\/29<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h3>

    Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416:<\/p>

    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/strong><\/td>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/td>Trung b\u00ecnh; th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p austenit nh\u01b0 304, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00e9p cacbon.<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y pH<\/td>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh axit ho\u1eb7c baz\u01a1.<\/td>Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n axit; ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec1m nh\u1eb9.<\/td><\/tr>
    Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/td>C\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb9; d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb r\u1ed7 trong clorua.<\/td><\/tr>
    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/td>T\u1ed1t; t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00e9p cacbon nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 h\u1ee3p kim cao h\u01a1n.<\/td><\/tr>
    th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp oxit b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/td>Trung b\u00ecnh; t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp oxit crom nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p kim crom cao h\u01a1n.<\/td><\/tr>
    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1y<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft l\u1eeda trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y; kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/td><\/tr>
    T\u00ednh d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y<\/td>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y.<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft l\u1eeda; ch\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft l\u1eeda trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>

    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416<\/h2>

    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u1ea5p 416 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. <\/p>

    N\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 650\u00b0C v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 760\u00b0C khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng. <\/p>

    Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n va \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>

    Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u1ea5p 416 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m austenitic, ferritic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i martensitic kh\u00e1c. Trong khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/p>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n clorua ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3n. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7.<\/p>

    \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u1edbp oxit crom b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o oxy l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t.<\/p>

    Gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416<\/h2>

    H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh k\u00e9m do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo. Th\u00e9p n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh. <\/p>

    L\u00e0m n\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi gia c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t sau khi t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng. <\/p>

    H\u00e0n<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t, trong ho\u1eb7c sau khi h\u00e0n. L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng, trong khi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed9i.<\/p>

    N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u00e0n, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. L\u00e0m n\u00f3ng th\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 200-300\u00b0C gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hydro th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i 410. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenit, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i 308, l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>

    \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh pha lo\u00e3ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5. Sau khi h\u00e0n, c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd sau khi h\u00e0n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>

    Gia c\u00f4ng<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 martensitic d\u00f2ng 400 cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gia c\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i 303, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenitic gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do. <\/p>

    C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec7n, khoan v\u00e0 phay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00ean 416 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi th\u00e9p \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0i m\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. <\/p>

    X\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>

    Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 416 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p (kho\u1ea3ng 0,15%) h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u00f5i. <\/p>

    1. \u1ee6 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/strong>