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AISI 9310 Alloy Steel | UNS G93100: Properties, Products, Uses
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What Is 9310 Steel?
9310 Steel (UNS G93100) is a high-performance nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy known for its strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Its low carbon content and high alloying elements provide excellent core strength and fatigue resistance. It is easy to weld. 9310 steel also performs well in both thick and thin sections, with minimal hardness variation. When carburized, it achieves a hard, wear-resistant surface while maintaining a tough core, making it suitable for components like gears and shafts.
Typically melted through AOD + VAR or VIM + VAR processes, 9310 steel guarantees purity and consistency, making it a dependable choice for high-performance aerospace components.
9310 Steel Appliccations
| Industry | Applications |
| Aerospace | Aircraft components, landing gear, turbine shafts, aircraft engine gears & pinions |
| Automotive | Gearbox components, crankshafts, axles, high-performance engine parts, clutch parts, piston pins |
| Oil & Gas | Drill pipes, pressure vessels, valve components, offshore structures |
| Military | Firearms, missile components, high-strength armor, combat vehicles |
| Mining | Mining equipment, drill rods, gear parts |
| Heavy Machinery | Bearings, shafts, gears, industrial machinery parts |
| Power Generation | Turbine shafts, power plant structural components, steam valves |
| Construction | High-strength bolts, structural steel for high-load applications |
AISI 9310 Steel Equivalent Grades
- UNS G93100
- AMS 6260G
- AMS 6265C
- AMS 6267A
9310 Steel Chemical Composition
| Elements | Content (wt%) |
| Carbon (C) | 0.08 ~ 0.13 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.15 ~ 0.30 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.45 ~ 0.65 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤0.025 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤0.025 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 1 ~ 1.4 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 3 ~ 3.5 |
| Copper (Cu) | ≤0.35 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.08 ~ 0.15 |
9310 Steel Mechanical Properties
| Mechanical Properties | Metric | English |
| Hardness, Rockwell C | 27 HRC | 27 HRC |
| Tensile Strength, Ultimate | 907 MPa | 132,000 psi |
| Tensile Strength, Yield(0.2%) | 571 MPa | 82,800 psi |
| Elongation at Break | 19% | 19% |
| Reduction of Area | 58% | 58% |
9310 Steel Physical Properties
| Property | Metric | English |
| Density | 7.85 g/cm³ | 0.284 lb/in³ |
| Melting Point | ~1425°C | ~2600°F |
| Thermal Conductivity | 43.2 W/m·K | 24.9 BTU·ft/hr·°F |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.49 J/g·°C | 0.12 BTU/lb·°F |
9310 Steel Manufacturing
Forging
The raw 9310 Steel is heated to 1191°C to 927°C (2175°F to 1700°F) and forged into shape. This process aligns the steel’s grain structure, improving its mechanical properties and fatigue resistance. Forging ensures the material is uniform and durable.
Heat Treatment
Heat treatment is key to achieving the desired performance in 9310 Steel. It involves the following steps:
- Annealing: The steel is heated to 857°C (1575°F) and slowly cooled in a furnace. This softens the steel and relieves stress, improving ductility.
- Normalizing: The steel is heated to 1650°F to 1750°F (899°C to 954°C) and air-cooled. This step improves toughness and refines the steel’s internal structure.
- Carburizing and Hardening: For surface hardness, 9310 Steel is carburized at 1650°F to 1700°F (899°C to 927°C), then slowly cooled. To harden it, the steel is oil-quenched from 1425°F to 1545°F (776°C to 843°C), creating a durable surface.
- Tempering: After hardening, 9310 Steel is tempered at 250°F to 350°F (121°C to 177°C). This relieves internal stresses, improving toughness while maintaining strength.
After tempering, the core hardness ranges between 331 – 363 BHN, and the case hardness reaches 60 – 62 HRC.
Cold Working
9310 Steel is easy to cold work, especially in its tempered and hardened states. It can be rolled, drawn, or extruded using conventional methods. Cold working helps refine the material’s dimensions and surface finish without compromising its mechanical strength.
Carburizing and Pseudo-Carburizing
Carburizing: Carbon is added to the steel surface by exposing it to a carbon-rich environment. This is typically done using gases like carbon monoxide (CO) or solid agents like charcoal. The steel is heated to allow the carbon to diffuse into the surface and form a hardened outer layer.
Pseudo-carburizing: Pseudo-carburizing uses nickel-based materials, such as nickel carbonyl, to achieve surface hardening. When the steel is heated, the nickel causes a carbon-like effect on the surface, creating a harder layer without changing the steel’s carbon content.
| Feature | Carburizing | Pseudo-Carburizing |
| Carbon Addition | Direct carbon diffusion into steel | Indirect carbon-like effect through nickel or other materials |
| Surface Hardness | High surface hardness, deeper layer | Lower surface hardness, shallower layer |
| Carbon Content | Increases carbon content in steel | No significant increase in carbon content |
| Applications | Gears, shafts, bearings, aerospace | Automotive components, machinery with moderate wear |
| Cost/Time Efficiency | Higher cost, longer time | More cost-effective, faster process |
Carburizing is used for more critical, high-wear applications where surface hardness and durability are paramount, while pseudo-carburizing is a cost-effective alternative for less demanding applications.
9310 Steel Properties after Pseudo-Carburizing
| Heat Treatment Process | Tensile Strength | Yield Strength | Elongation in 2″ | Reduction of Area | Core Hardness |
| Carburizing: 1700°F (926°C) for 8 hrs, Oil Quenching, Tempering: 300°F (149°C) for 2 hrs | 187 ksi (1290 MPa) | 155 ksi (1070 MPa) | 15% | 51% | 375 BHN |
| Carburizing: 1700°F (926°C) for 8 hrs, Slow Cool, Quenching: 1425°F (776°C), Oil Quench, Tempering: 300°F (149°C) for 2 hrs | 155 ksi (1070 MPa) | 130 ksi (897 MPa) | 15.50% | 52% | 331 BHN |
| Carburizing: 1700°F (926°C) for 8 hrs, Slow Cool, Quenching: 1525°F (830°C), Oil Quench, Tempering: 300°F (149°C) for 2 hrs | 175 ksi (1200 MPa) | 155 ksi (1070 MPa) | 16% | 53% | 363 BHN |
9310 Steel Processing
Cutting
9310 Steel can be cut using common methods like machining, grinding, and sawing. Due to its toughness, cutting speeds and feeds must be optimized to prevent overheating and material deformation. This ensures accurate and strong components.
Welding
9310 Steel is highly weldable and can be joined using standard techniques, including gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Preheating is often used to avoid cracking in thicker sections and ensure strong welds.
Surface Treatment
- Nitriding: Nitrogen is introduced to the steel’s surface, creating a hard, durable layer that improves wear resistance.
- Shot Peening: This method introduces compressive stresses to the steel, improving fatigue resistance. It’s commonly used for components subjected to cyclic loads.
At SteelPro Group, we ensure every step of the manufacturing and processing of 9310 Steel meets the highest standards of quality and precision. Our methods are designed to deliver consistent, high-performance materials ready for demanding applications.
9310 Steel Product Specifications and Size Range
| Product Form | Diameter (mm/inches) | Width (mm/inches) | Thickness (mm/inches) | Length (mm/inches) |
| Bar | 20 ~ 350 mm (0.8 ~ 13.8 in) | 20 ~ 350 mm (0.8 ~ 13.8 in) | 20 ~ 100 mm (0.8 ~ 3.9 in) | Customizable |
| Rod | 20 ~ 300 mm (0.8 ~ 11.8 in) | N/A | 20 ~ 100 mm (0.8 ~ 3.9 in) | |
| Plate | N/A | 200 ~ 2500 mm (7.9 ~ 98.4 in) | 5 ~ 150 mm (0.2 ~ 5.9 in) | |
| Sheet | N/A | 100 ~ 2500 mm (3.9 ~ 98.4 in) | 1 ~ 10 mm (0.04 ~ 0.4 in) | |
| Forging | 50 ~ 600 mm (2.0 ~ 23.6 in) | N/A | 50 ~ 150 mm (2.0 ~ 5.9 in) | |
| Tube/Pipe | 25 ~ 250 mm (1.0 ~ 9.8 in) | N/A | 5 ~ 50 mm (0.2 ~ 2.0 in) |
9310 Steel vs Carpenter 158
9310 Steel is better for fatigue resistance and toughness, while Carpenter 158 outperforms in wear resistance at higher temperatures.
- Composition
9310 Steel is enriched with nickel, chromium, and molybdenum for fatigue resistance and core strength. Carpenter 158, with more carbon, offers superior wear resistance at higher temperatures.
- Mechanical Properties
9310 Steel has a tensile strength of 907 MPa (132,000 psi) and is tougher but less hard than Carpenter 158, which achieves 1034 MPa (150,000 psi) but with reduced ductility.
- Applications
9310 Steel excels in aerospace and automotive gears, while Carpenter 158 is better for high-temperature parts like crankshafts.
9310 Steel vs 4140 Steel
Choose 9310 Steel for fatigue resistance and core strength, while 4140 Steel is better for high-strength and wear-resistant parts.
- Composition
9310 Steel has nickel and molybdenum, making it ideal for fatigue resistance. 4140 Steel contains more carbon, providing higher hardness and wear resistance.
- Mechanical Properties
9310 Steel has 907 MPa (132,000 psi) tensile strength, better for components under cyclic loads. 4140 Steel reaches 850-1000 MPa (123,000-145,000 psi) and is suited for high-wear applications.
- Applications
9310 steel is ideal for aerospace gears and shafts. 4140 steel bar is used in crankshafts, axles, and mining equipment due to its wear resistance.
Choose SteelPro Group for 9310 Steel
SteelPro Group is your trusted partner for high-performance 9310 Steel. We offer custom sizes, specific treatments, and precise material properties to meet your needs.
Contact us today to learn more about our 9310 Steel products or request a quote for your next project. Let us deliver the strength and durability your applications require.
